Documentation

• 1: Installation
• 1.1: Quick Start
• 1.2: Installation Guide
• 1.2.1: Prerequisites
• 1.2.2: Install via Helm
• 1.2.3: Install via OperatorHub
• 1.2.4: The Kiali CR
• 1.2.5: Accessing Kiali
• 1.2.6: Advanced Install
• 1.2.7: Example Install
• 1.3: Deployment Options
• 2: Configuration
• 2.1: Authentication Strategies
• 2.1.1: Anonymous strategy
• 2.1.2: Header strategy
• 2.1.3: OpenID Connect strategy
• 2.1.4: OpenShift strategy
• 2.1.5: Token strategy
• 2.1.6: Session options
• 2.2: Console Customization
• 2.3: Custom Dashboards
• 2.4: Istio Environment
• 2.5: Kiali CR Reference
• 2.6: Namespace Management
• 2.7: Prometheus, Jaeger and Grafana
• 2.8: Role-based access control
• 2.9: Traffic Health
• 2.10: Virtual Machine workloads
• 3: Features
• 3.1: Application Wizards
• 3.2: Detail Views
• 3.3: Health
• 3.4: Istio Configuration
• 3.5: Istio Infrastructure Status
• 3.6: Multi-cluster Deployment
• 3.7: Security
• 3.8: Topology
• 3.9: Tracing
• 3.10: Validation
• 4: Tutorials
• 4.1: Travel Demo Tutorial
• 4.1.1: Prerequisites
• 4.1.2: Install Travel Demo
• 4.1.3: First Steps
• 4.1.4: Observe
• 4.1.5: Connect
• 4.1.6: Secure
• 4.1.7: Uninstall Travel Demo
• 5: Architecture and Terms
• 5.1: Architecture
• 5.2: Terminology
• 5.2.1: Concepts
• 5.2.2: Networking
• 6: FAQ
• 6.1: Authentication
• 6.2: Distributed Tracing
• 6.3: General
• 6.4: Graph
• 6.5: Installation
• 6.6: Istio Component Status
• 6.7: Validations
• 7: Contribution Guidelines

1 - Installation

1.1 - Quick Start

You can quickly install and try Kiali via one of the following two methods.

Install via Istio Addons

If you downloaded Istio, the easiest way to install and try Kiali is by running:

kubectl apply -f ${ISTIO_HOME}/samples/addons/kiali.yaml

To uninstall:

kubectl delete -f ${ISTIO_HOME}/samples/addons/kiali.yaml --ignore-not-found

Install via Helm

To install the latest version of Kiali Server using Helm, run the following command:

helm install \
  --namespace istio-system \
  --set auth.strategy="anonymous" \
  --repo https://kiali.org/helm-charts \
  kiali-server \
  kiali-server

To uninstall:

helm uninstall --namespace istio-system kiali-server

Access to the UI

Run the following command:

kubectl port-forward svc/kiali 20001:20001 -n istio-system

Then, access Kiali by visiting \https://localhost:20001/ in your preferred web browser.

1.2 - Installation Guide

This section describes the production installation methods available for Kiali.

The recommended way to deploy Kiali is via the Kiali Operator, either using Helm Charts or OperatorHub.

The Kiali Operator is a Kubernetes Operator and manages your Kiali installation. It watches the Kiali Custom Resource (Kiali CR), a YAML file that holds the deployment configuration.

1.2.1 - Prerequisites

Istio

Before you install Kiali you must have already installed Istio along with its telemetry storage addon (i.e. Prometheus). You might also consider installing Istio’s optional tracing addon (i.e. Jaeger) and optional Grafana addon but those are not required by Kiali. Refer to the Istio documentation for details.

Service Mesh Compatibility

Each Kiali release is tested against the most recent Istio release. In general, Kiali tries to maintain compatibility with older Istio releases and Kiali versions later than those posted in the below table may work, but such combinations are not tested and will not be supported. Known incompatibilities are noted in the compatibility table below.

Istio Version Compatibility

Maistra Version Compatibility

OpenShift Service Mesh Version Compatibility

Browser Version Requirements

Kiali requires a modern web browser and supports the last two versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari or Edge.

Hardware Requirements

Any machine capable of running a Kubernetes based cluster should also be able to run Kiali.

However, Kiali tends to grow in resource usage as your cluster grows. Usually the more namespaces and workloads you have in your cluster, the more memory you will need to allocate to Kiali.

Platform-specific requirements

OpenShift

If you are installing on OpenShift, you must grant the cluster-admin role to the user that is installing Kiali. If OpenShift is installed locally on the machine you are using, the following command should log you in as user system:admin which has this cluster-admin role:

$ oc login -u system:admin

Google Cloud Private Cluster

Private clusters on Google Cloud have network restrictions. Kiali needs your cluster’s firewall to allow access from the Kubernetes API to the Istio Control Plane namespace, for both the 8080 and 15000 ports.

To review the master access firewall rule:

gcloud compute firewall-rules list --filter="name~gke-${CLUSTER_NAME}-[0-9a-z]*-master"

To replace the existing rule and allow master access:

gcloud compute firewall-rules update <firewall-rule-name> --allow <previous-ports>,tcp:8080,tcp:15000

1.2.2 - Install via Helm

Introduction

Helm is a popular tool that lets you manage Kubernetes applications. Applications are defined in a package named Helm chart, which contains all of the resources needed to run an application.

Kiali has a Helm Charts Repository at https://kiali.org/helm-charts. Two Helm Charts are provided:

• The kiali-operator Helm Chart installs the Kiali operator which in turn installs Kiali when you create a Kiali CR.
• The kiali-server Helm Chart installs a standalone Kiali without the need of the Operator nor a Kiali CR.

Although the kiali-server Helm Chart is actively maintained, it is only provided for convenience. The recommended method to install Kiali is by using the kiali-operator Helm Chart to install the Operator and then creating a Kiali CR to let the operator deploy Kiali.

Make sure you have the helm command available by following the Helm installation docs.

Adding the Kiali Helm Charts repository

Add the Kiali Helm Charts repository with the following command:

$ helm repo add kiali https://kiali.org/helm-charts

If you already added the repository, you may want to update your local cache to fetch latest definitions by running:

$ helm repo update

Installing Kiali using the Kiali operator

Once you’ve added the Kiali Helm Charts repository, you can install the latest Kiali Operator along with the latest Kiali server by running the following command:

$ helm install \
    --set cr.create=true \
    --set cr.namespace=istio-system \
    --namespace kiali-operator \
    --create-namespace \
    kiali-operator \
    kiali/kiali-operator

The --namespace kiali-operator and --create-namespace flags instructs to create the kiali-operator namespace (if needed), and deploy the Kiali operator on it. The --set cr.create=true and --set cr.namespace=istio-system flags instructs to create a Kiali CR in the istio-system namespace. Since the Kiali CR is created in advance, as soon as the Kiali operator starts, it will process it to deploy Kiali.

The Kiali Operator Helm Chart is configurable. Check available options and default values by running:

$ helm show values kiali/kiali-operator

The kiali-operator Helm Chart mirrors all settings of the Kiali CR as chart values that you can configure using regular --set flags. For example, the Kiali CR has a spec.namespace setting which you can configure in the kiali-operator Helm Chart by passing the --set cr.namespace flag as shown in the previous helm install example.

For more information about the Kiali CR, see the Creating and updating the Kiali CR page.

Operator-Only Install

To install only the Kiali Operator, omit the --set cr.create and --set cr.namespace flags of the helm command previously shown. For example:

$ helm install \
    --namespace kiali-operator \
    --create-namespace \
    kiali-operator \
    kiali/kiali-operator

This will omit creation of the Kiali CR, which you will need to create later to install Kiali Server. This option is good if you plan to do large customizations to the installation.

Installing Multiple Instances of Kiali

By installing a single Kiali operator in your cluster, you can install multiple instances of Kiali by simply creating multiple Kiali CRs. For example, if you have two Istio control planes in namespaces istio-system and istio-system2, you can create a Kiali CR in each of those namespaces to install a Kiali instance in each control plane.

If you wish to install multiple Kiali instances in the same namespace, or if you need the Kiali instance to have different resource names than the default of kiali, you can specify spec.deployment.instance_name in your Kiali CR. The value for that setting will be used to create a unique instance of Kiali using that instance name rather than the default kiali. One use-case for this is to be able to have unique Kiali service names across multiple Kiali instances in order to be able to use certain routers/load balancers that require unique service names.

Standalone Kiali installation

To install the Kiali Server without the operator, use the kiali-server Helm Chart:

$ helm install \
    --namespace istio-system \
    kiali-server \
    kiali/kiali-server

The kiali-server Helm Chart mirrors all settings of the Kiali CR as chart values that you can configure using regular --set flags. For example, the Kiali CR has a spec.server.web_fqdn setting which you can configure in the kiali-server Helm Chart by passing the --set server.web_fqdn flag as follows:

$ helm install \
    --namespace istio-system \
    --set server.web_fqdn=example.com \
    kiali-server \
    kiali/kiali-server

Upgrading Helm installations

If you want to upgrade to a newer Kiali version (or downgrade to older versions), you can use the regular helm upgrade commands. For example, the following command should upgrade the Kiali Operator to the latest version:

$ helm upgrade \
    --namespace kiali-operator \
    --reuse-values \
    kiali-operator \
    kiali/kiali-operator

WARNING: No migration paths are provided. However, Kiali is a stateless application and if the helm upgrade command fails, please uninstall the previous version and then install the new desired version.

Managing configuration of Helm installations

After installing either the kiali-operator or the kiali-server Helm Charts, you may be tempted to manually modify the created resources to modify the installation. However, we recommend using helm upgrade to update your installation.

For example, assuming you have the following installation:

$ helm list -n kiali-operator
NAME            NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED                                 STATUS          CHART                   APP VERSION
kiali-operator  kiali-operator  1               2021-09-14 18:00:45.320351026 -0500 CDT deployed        kiali-operator-1.40.0   v1.40.0

Notice that the current installation is version 1.40.0 of the kiali-operator. Let’s assume you want to use your own mirrors of the Kiali Operator container images. You can update your installation with the following command:

$ helm upgrade \
    --namespace kiali-operator \
    --reuse-values \
    --set image.repo=your_mirror_registry_url/owner/kiali-operator-repo \
    --set image.tag=your_mirror_tag \
    --version 1.40.0 \
    kiali-operator \
    kiali/kiali-operator

Uninstalling

Removing the Kiali operator and managed Kialis

If you used the kiali-operator Helm chart, first you must ensure that all Kiali CRs are deleted. For example, the following command will agressively delete all Kiali CRs in your cluster:

$ kubectl delete kiali --all --all-namespaces

The previous command may take some time to finish while the Kiali operator removes all Kiali installations.

Then, remove the Kiali operator using a standard helm uninstall command. For example:

$ helm uninstall --namespace kiali-operator kiali-operator
$ kubectl delete crd kialis.kiali.io

Known problem: uninstall hangs (unable to delete the Kiali CR)

Typically this happens if not all Kiali CRs are deleted prior to uninstalling the operator. To force deletion of a Kiali CR, you need to clear its finalizer. For example:

$ kubectl patch kiali kiali -n istio-system -p '{"metadata":{"finalizers": []}}' --type=merge

Removing standalone Kiali

If you installed a standalone Kiali by using the kiali-server Helm chart, use the standard helm uninstall commands. For example:

$ helm uninstall --namespace istio-system kiali-server

1.2.3 - Install via OperatorHub

Introduction

The OperatorHub is a website that contains a catalog of Kubernetes Operators. Its aim is to be the central location to find Operators.

The OperatorHub relies in the Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) to install, manage and update Operators on any Kubernetes cluster.

The Kiali Operator is being published to the OperatorHub. So, you can use the OLM to install and manage the Kiali Operator installation.

Installing the Kiali Operator using the OLM

Go to the Kiali Operator page in the OperatorHub: https://operatorhub.io/operator/kiali.

You will see an Install button at the right of the page. Press it and you will be presented with the installation instructions. Follow these instructions to install and manage the Kiali Operator installation using OLM.

Afterwards, you can create the Kiali CR to install Kiali.

Installing the Kiali Operator in OpenShift

The OperatorHub is bundled in the OpenShift console. To install the Kiali Operator, simply go to the OperatorHub in the OpenShift console and search for the Kiali Operator. Then, click on the Install button and follow the instruction on the screen.

Afterwards, you can create the Kiali CR to install Kiali.

1.2.4 - The Kiali CR

The Kiali Operator watches the Kiali Custom Resource (Kiali CR), a YAML file that holds the deployment configuration. Creating, updating, or removing a Kiali CR will trigger the Kiali Operator to install, update, or remove Kiali.

The Operator provides comprehensive defaults for all properties of the Kiali CR. Hence, the minimal Kiali CR does not have a spec:

apiVersion: kiali.io/v1alpha1
kind: Kiali
metadata:
  name: kiali

Assuming you saved the previous YAML to a file named my-kiali-cr.yaml, and that you are installing Kiali in the same default namespace as Istio, create the resource with the following command:

$ kubectl apply -f my-kiali-cr.yaml -n istio-system

Once created, the Kiali Operator should shortly be notified and will process the resource, performing the Kiali installation. You can check installation progress by inspecting the status attribute of the created Kiali CR:

$ kubectl describe kiali -n istio-system
Name:         kiali
Namespace:    istio-system
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  kiali.io/v1alpha1
Kind:         Kiali

  (...some output is removed...)

Status:
  Conditions:
    Last Transition Time:  2021-09-15T17:17:40Z
    Message:               Running reconciliation
    Reason:                Running
    Status:                True
    Type:                  Running
  Deployment:
    Instance Name:  kiali
    Namespace:      istio-system
  Environment:
    Is Kubernetes:       true
    Kubernetes Version:  1.21.2
    Operator Version:    v1.40.0
  Progress:
    Duration:  0:00:16
    Message:   5. Creating core resources
Events:        <none>

You may want to check the example install page to see some examples where the Kiali CR has a spec and to better understand its structure. Most available attributes of the Kiali CR are described in the pages of the Installation and Configuration sections of the documentation. For a complete list, see the Kiali CR Reference.

Once you created a Kiali CR, you can manage your Kiali installation by editing the resource using the usual Kubernetes tools:

$ kubectl edit kiali kiali -n istio-system

To confirm your Kiali CR is valid, you can utilize the Kiali CR validation tool.

1.2.5 - Accessing Kiali

Introduction

After Kiali is succesfully installed you will need to make Kiali accessible to users. This page describes some popular methods of exposing Kiali for use.

If exposing Kiali in a custom way, you may need to set some configurations to make Kiali aware of how users will access Kiali.

Accessing Kiali using port forwarding

You can use port-forwarding to access Kiali by running any of these commands:

# If you have oc command line tool
oc port-forward svc/kiali 20001:20001 -n istio-system
# If you have kubectl command line tool
kubectl port-forward svc/kiali 20001:20001 -n istio-system

These commands will block. Access Kiali by visiting https://localhost:20001/ in your preferred web browser.

Accessing Kiali through an Ingress

You can configure Kiali to be installed with an Ingress resource defined, allowing you to access the Kiali UI through the Ingress. By default, an Ingress will not be created. You can enable a simple Ingress by setting spec.deployment.ingress.enabled to true in the Kiali CR (a similar setting for the server Helm chart is available if you elect to install Kiali via Helm as opposed to the Kiali Operator).

Exposing Kiali externally through this spec.deployment.ingress mechanism is a convenient way of exposing Kiali externally but it will not necessarily work or be the best way to do it because the way in which you should expose Kiali externally will be highly dependent on your specific cluster environment and how services are exposed generally for that environment.

The default Ingress that is created will be configured for a typical NGinx implementation. If you have your own Ingress implementation you want to use, you can override the default configuration through the settings spec.deployment.ingress.override_yaml and spec.deployment.ingress.class_name. More details on customizing the Ingress can be found below.

The Ingress IP or domain name should then be used to access the Kiali UI. To find your Ingress IP or domain name, as per the Kubernetes documentation, try the following command (though this may not work if using Minikube without the ingress addon):

kubectl get ingress kiali -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}'

If it doesn’t work, unfortunately, it depends on how and where you had setup your cluster. There are several Ingress controllers available and some cloud providers have their own controller or preferred exposure method. Check the documentation of your cloud provider. You may need to customize the pre-installed Ingress rule or expose Kiali using a different method.

Customizing the Ingress resource

The created Ingress resource will route traffic to Kiali regardless of the domain in the URL. You may need a more specific Ingress resource that routes traffic to Kiali only on a specific domain or path. To do this, you can specify route settings.

Alternatively, and for more advanced Ingress configurations, you can provide your own Ingress declaration in the Kiali CR. For example:

spec:
  deployment:
    ingress:
      class_name: "nginx"
      enabled: true
      override_yaml:
        metadata:
          annotations:
            nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/secure-backends: "true"
            nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/backend-protocol: "HTTPS"
        spec:
          rules:
          - http:
              paths:
              - path: /kiali
                backend:
                  serviceName: kiali
                  servicePort: 20001

Accessing Kiali in Minikube

If you enabled the Ingress controller, the default Ingress resource created by the installation (mentioned in the previous section) should be enough to access Kiali. The following command should open Kiali in your default web browser:

xdg-open https://$(minikube ip)/kiali

Accessing Kiali through a LoadBalancer or a NodePort

By default, the Kiali service is created with the ClusterIP type. To use a LoadBalancer or a NodePort, you can change the service type in the Kiali CR as follows:

spec:
  deployment:
    service_type: LoadBalancer

Once the Kiali operator updates the installation, you should be able to use the kubectl get svc -n istio-system kiali command to retrieve the external address (or port) to access Kiali. For example, in the following output Kiali is assigned the IP 192.168.49.201, which means that you can access Kiali by visiting http://192.168.49.201:20001 in a browser:

NAME    TYPE           CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP      PORT(S)                          AGE
kiali   LoadBalancer   10.105.236.127   192.168.49.201   20001:31966/TCP,9090:30128/TCP   34d

If you are using the LoadBalancer service type to directly expose the Kiali service, you may want to check the available options for the HTTP Server and Metrics server.

Accessing Kiali through an Istio Ingress Gateway

If you want to take advantage of Istio’s infrastructure, you can expose Kiali using an Istio Ingress Gateway. The Istio documentation provides a good guide explaining how to expose the sample add-ons. Even if the Istio guide is focused on the sample add-ons, the steps are the same to expose a Kiali installed using this Installation guide.

Accessing Kiali in OpenShift

By default, Kiali is exposed through a Route if installed on OpenShift. The following command should open Kiali in your default web browser:

xdg-open https://$(oc get routes -n istio-system kiali -o jsonpath='{.spec.host}')/console

Specifying route settings

If you are using your own exposure method or if you are using one of the methods mentioned in this page, you may need to configure the route that is being used to access Kiali.

In the Kiali CR, route settings are broken in several attributes. For example, to specify that Kiali is being accessed under the https://apps.example.com:8080/dashboards/kiali URI, you would need to set the following:

spec:
  server:
    web_fqdn: apps.example.com
    web_port: 8080
    web_root: /dashboards/kiali
    web_schema: https

If you are letting the installation create an Ingress resource for you, the Ingress will be adjusted to match these route settings. If you are using your own exposure method, these spec.server settings are only making Kiali aware of what its public endpoint is.

It is possible to omit these settings and Kiali may be able to discover some of these configurations, depending on your exposure method. For example, if you are exposing Kiali via LoadBalancer or NodePort service types, Kiali can discover most of these settings. If you are using some kind of Ingress, Kiali will honor X-Forwarded-Proto, X-Forwarded-Host and X-Forwarded-Port HTTP headers if they are properly injected in the request.

The web_root receives special treatment, because this is the path where Kiali will serve itself (both the user interface and its api). This is useful if you are serving multiple applications under the same domain. It must begin with a slash and trailing slashes must be omitted. The default value is /kiali for Kubernetes and / for OpenShift.

1.2.6 - Advanced Install

Multiple Istio control planes in the same cluster

Currently, Kiali can manage only one Istio control plane. However, there are certain cases where you may have more than one Istio control plane in your cluster. One of such cases is when performing a Canary upgrade of Istio.

In these cases, you will need to configure in Kiali which control plane you want to manage. This is done by configuring the name of the components of the control plane. This is configured in the Kiali CR and the default values are the following:

spec:
  external_services:
    istio:
      config_map_name: "istio"
      istiod_deployment_name: "istiod"
      istio_sidecar_injector_config_map_name: "istio-sidecar-injector"

If you want to manage both Istio control planes, simply install two Kiali instances and point each one to a different Istio control plane.

Installing a Kiali Server of a different version than the Operator

When you install the Kiali Operator, it will be configured to install a Kiali Server that is the same version as the operator itself. For example, if you have Kiali Operator v1.34.0 installed, that operator will install Kiali Server v1.34.0. If you upgrade (or downgrade) the Kiali Operator, the operator will in turn upgrade (or downgrade) the Kiali Server.

There are certain use-cases in which you want the Kiali Operator to install a Kiali Server whose version is different than the operator version. Read the following section «Using a custom image registry» section to learn how to configure this setup.

Using a custom image registry

Kiali is released and published to the Quay.io container image registry. There is a repository hosting the Kiali operator images and another one for the Kiali server images.

If you need to mirror the Kiali container images to some other registry, you still can use Helm to install the Kiali operator as follows:

$ helm install \
    --namespace kiali-operator \
    --create-namespace \
    --set image.repo=your.custom.registry/owner/kiali-operator-repo
    --set image.tag=your_custom_tag
    --set allowAdHocKialiImage=true
    kiali-operator \
    kiali/kiali-operator

Then, when creating the Kiali CR, use the following attributes:

spec:
  deployment:
    image_name: your.custom.registry/owner/kiali-server-repo
    image_version: your_custom_tag

Development Install

This option installs the latest Kiali Operator and Kiali Server images which are built from the master branches of Kiali GitHub repositories. This option is good for demo and development installations.

helm install \
  --set cr.create=true \
  --set cr.namespace=istio-system \
  --set cr.spec.deployment.image_version=latest \
  --set image.tag=latest \
  --namespace kiali-operator \
  -- create-namespace \
  kiali-operator \
  kiali/kiali-operator

1.2.7 - Example Install

This is a quick example of installing Kiali. This example will install the operator and two Kiali Servers - one server will require the user to enter credentials at a login screen in order to obtain read-write access and the second server will allow anonymous read-only access.

For this example, assume there is a Minikube Kubernetes cluster running with an Istio control plane installed in the namespace istio-system and the Istio Bookinfo Demo installed in the namespace bookinfo:

$ kubectl get deployments.apps -n istio-system
NAME                   READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
grafana                1/1     1            1           8h
istio-egressgateway    1/1     1            1           8h
istio-ingressgateway   1/1     1            1           8h
istiod                 1/1     1            1           8h
jaeger                 1/1     1            1           8h
prometheus             1/1     1            1           8h

$ kubectl get deployments.apps -n bookinfo
NAME             READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
details-v1       1/1     1            1           21m
productpage-v1   1/1     1            1           21m
ratings-v1       1/1     1            1           21m
reviews-v1       1/1     1            1           21m
reviews-v2       1/1     1            1           21m
reviews-v3       1/1     1            1           21m

Install Kiali Operator via Helm Chart

First, the Kiali Operator will be installed in the kiali-operator namespace using the operator helm chart:

$ helm repo add kiali https://kiali.org/helm-charts
$ helm repo update kiali
$ helm install \
    --namespace kiali-operator \
    --create-namespace \
    kiali-operator \
    kiali/kiali-operator

Install Kiali Server via Operator

Next, the first Kiali Server will be installed. This server will require the user to enter a Kubernetes token in order to log into the Kiali dashboard and will provide the user with read-write access. To do this, a Kiali CR will be created that looks like this (file: kiali-cr-token.yaml):

apiVersion: kiali.io/v1alpha1
kind: Kiali
metadata:
  name: kiali
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  auth:
    strategy: "token"
  deployment:
    accessible_namespaces: ["bookinfo"]
    view_only_mode: false
  server:
    web_root: "/kiali"

This Kiali CR will command the operator to deploy the Kiali Server in the same namespace where the Kiali CR is (istio-system). The operator will configure the server to: respond to requests to the web root path of /kiali, enable read-write access, use the authentication strategy of token, and be given access to the bookinfo namespace:

$ kubectl apply -f kiali-cr-token.yaml

Get the Status of the Installation

The status of a particular Kiali Server installation can be found by examining the status field of its corresponding Kiali CR. For example:

$ kubectl get kiali kiali -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.status}'

When the installation has successfully completed, the status field will look something like this (when formatted):

$ kubectl get kiali kiali -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.status}' | jq
{
  "conditions": [
    {
      "ansibleResult": {
        "changed": 21,
        "completion": "2021-10-20T19:17:35.519131",
        "failures": 0,
        "ok": 102,
        "skipped": 90
      },
      "lastTransitionTime": "2021-10-20T19:17:12Z",
      "message": "Awaiting next reconciliation",
      "reason": "Successful",
      "status": "True",
      "type": "Running"
    }
  ],
  "deployment": {
    "accessibleNamespaces": "bookinfo,istio-system",
    "instanceName": "kiali",
    "namespace": "istio-system"
  },
  "environment": {
    "isKubernetes": true,
    "kubernetesVersion": "1.20.2",
    "operatorVersion": "v1.41.0"
  },
  "progress": {
    "duration": "0:00:20",
    "message": "7. Finished all resource creation"
  }
}

Access the Kiali Server UI

The Kiali Server UI is accessed by pointing a browser to the Kiali Server endpoint and requesting the web root /kiali:

xdg-open http://$(minikube ip)/kiali

Because the auth.strategy was set to token, that URL will display the Kiali login screen that will require a Kubernetes token in order to authenticate with the server. For this example, you can use the token that belongs to the Kiali service account itself:

$ kubectl get secret -n istio-system $(kubectl get sa kiali-service-account -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.secrets[0].name}') -o jsonpath='{.data.token}' | base64 -d

The output of that command above can be used to log into the Kiali login screen.

Install a Second Kiali Server

The second Kiali Server will next be installed. This server will not require the user to enter any login credentials but will only provide a view-only look at the service mesh. To do this, a Kiali CR will be created that looks like this (file: kiali-cr-anon.yaml):

apiVersion: kiali.io/v1alpha1
kind: Kiali
metadata:
  name: kiali
  namespace: kialianon
spec:
  installation_tag: "Kiali - View Only"
  istio_namespace: "istio-system"
  auth:
    strategy: "anonymous"
  deployment:
    accessible_namespaces: ["bookinfo"]
    view_only_mode: true
    instance_name: "kialianon"
  server:
    web_root: "/kialianon"

This Kiali CR will command the operator to deploy the Kiali Server in the same namespace where the Kiali CR is (kialianon). The operator will configure the server to: respond to requests to the web root path of /kialianon, disable read-write access, not require the user to authenticate, have a unique instance name of kialianon and be given access to the bookinfo namespace. The Kiali UI will also show a custom title in the browser tab so the user is aware they are looking at a “view only” Kiali dashboard. The unique deployment.instance_name is needed in order for this Kiali Server to be able to share access to the Bookinfo application with the first Kiali Server.

$ kubectl create namespace kialianon
$ kubectl apply -f kiali-cr-anon.yaml

The UI for this second Kiali Server is accessed by pointing a browser to the Kiali Server endpoint and requesting the web root /kialianon. Note that no credentials are required to gain access to this Kiali Server UI because auth.strategy was set to anonymous; however, the user will not be able to modify anything via the Kiali UI - it is strictly “view only”:

xdg-open http://$(minikube ip)/kialianon

Reconfigure Kiali Server

A Kial Server can be reconfigured by simply editing its Kiali CR. The Kiali Operator will perform all the necessary tasks to complete the reconfiguration and reboot the Kiali Server pod when necessary. For example, to change the web root for the Kiali Server:

$ kubectl patch kiali kiali -n istio-system --type merge --patch '{"spec":{"server":{"web_root":"/specialkiali"}}}'

The Kiali Operator will update the necessary resources (such as the Kiali ConfigMap) and will reboot the Kiali Server pod to pick up the new configuration.

Uninstall Kiali Server

To uninstall a Kiali Server installation, simply delete the Kiali CR. The Kiali Operator will then perform all the necessary tasks to remove all remnants of the associated Kiali Server.

kubectl delete kiali kiali -n istio-system

Uninstall Kiali Operator

To uninstall the Kiali Operator, use helm uninstall and then manually remove the Kiali CRD.

$ kubectl delete kiali --all --all-namespaces
$ helm uninstall --namespace kiali-operator kiali-operator
$ kubectl delete crd kialis.kiali.io

1.3 - Deployment Options

There are other, more complex deployment settings, described in dedicated pages:

• Authentication
• Customization of the Ingress resource
• Customization of the service type (LoadBalancer or NodePort)
• Namespace management (configuring namespaces accessible and visible to Kiali)

Kiali and Istio installation namespaces

By default, the Kiali operator installs Kiali in the same namespace where the Kiali CR is created. However, it is possible to specify a different namespace for installation:

spec:
  deployment:
    namespace: "custom-kiali-nameespace"

It is assumed that Kiali is installed to the same namespace as Istio. Kiali reads some Istio resources and may not work properly if those resources are not found. Thus, if you are installing Kiali and Istio on different namespaces, you must specify what is the Istio namespace:

spec:
  istio_namespace: "istio-system"

Log level and format

By default, Kiali will print up to INFO-level messages in simple text format. You can change the log level, output format, and time format as in the following example:

spec:
  deployment:
    logger:
      # Supported values are "trace", "debug", "info", "warn", "error" and "fatal"
      log_level: error  
      # Supported values are "text" and "json".
      log_format: json  
      time_field_format: "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00"

The syntax for the time_field_format is the same as the Time.Format function of the Go language.

The json format is useful if you are parsing logs of your applications for further processing.

In Kiali, there are some special logs called audit logs that are emitted each time a user creates, updates or deletes a resource through Kiali. Audit logs are INFO-level messages and are enabled by default. If audit logs are too verbose, you can disable them without reducing the log level as follows:

spec:
  server:
    audit_log: false

Kiali instance name

If you plan to install more than one Kiali instance on the same cluster, you may need to configure an instance name to avoid conflicts on created resources:

spec:
  deployment:
    instance_name: "secondary"

The instance_name will be used as a prefix for all created Kiali resources. The exception is the kiali-signing-key secret which will always have the same name and will be shared on all deployments of the same namespace, unless you specify a custom secret name.

Resource requests and limits

You can set the amount of resources available to Kiali using the spec.deployment.resources attribute, like in the following example:

spec:
  deployment:
    resources:
      requests:
        memory: "128Mi"
        cpu: "100m"
      limits:
        memory: "1Gi"
        cpu: "500m"

Please, read the Managing Resources for Containers section in the Kubernetes documentation for more details about possible configurations.

Custom labels and annotations on the Kiali pod and service

Although some labels and annotations are set on the Kiali pod and on its service (depending on configurations), you can add additional ones. For the pod, use the spec.deployment.pod_labels and spec.deployment.pod_annotations attributes. For the service, you can only add annotations using the spec.deployment.service_annotations attribute. For example:

spec:
  deployment:
    pod_annotations:
      a8r.io/repository: "https://github.com/kiali/kiali"
    pod_labels:
      sidecar.istio.io/inject: "true"
    service_annotations:
      a8r.io/documentation: "https://kiali.io/docs/installation/deployment-configuration"

Kiali page title (browser title bar)

If you have several Kiali installations and you are using them at the same time, there are good chances that you will want to identify each Kiali by simply looking at the browser’s title bar. You can set a custom text in the title bar with the following configuration:

spec:
  installation_tag: "Kiali West"

The installation_tag is any human readable text of your desire.

Kubernetes scheduler settings

Replicas and automatic scaling

By default, only one replica of Kiali is deployed. If needed, you can change the replica count like in the following example:

spec:
  deployment:
    replicas: 2

If you prefer automatic scaling, creation of an HorizontalPodAutoscaler resource is supported. For example, the following configuration automatically scales Kiali based on CPU utilization:

spec:
  deployment:
    hpa:
      api_version: "autoscaling/v1"
      spec:
        minReplicas: 1
        maxReplicas: 2
        targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80

Read the Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler documentation to learn more about the HPA.

Allocating the Kiali pod to specific nodes of the cluster

You can constrain the Kiali pod to run on a specific set of nodes by using some of the standard Kubernetes scheduler configurations.

The simplest option is to use the nodeSelector configuration which you can configure like in the following example:

spec:
  deployment:
    node_selector:
      worker-type: infra

You can also use the affinity/anti-affinity native Kubernetes feature if you prefer its more expressive syntax, or if you need more complex matching rules. The following is an example for configuring node affinity:

spec:
  deployment:
    affinity:
      node:
        requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
          nodeSelectorTerms:
          - matchExpressions:
            - key: worker-type
              operator: In
              values:
              - infra

Similarly, you can also configure pod affinity and pod anti-affinity using the spec.deployment.affinity.pod and spec.deployment.affinity.pod_anti attributes.

Finally, if you want to run Kiali in a node with taints, the following is an example to configure tolerations:

spec:
  deployment:
    tolerations: # Allow to run Kiali in a tainted master node
    - key: "node-role.kubernetes.io/master"
      operator: "Exists"
      effect: "NoSchedule"

Read the following Kubernetes documentation to learn more about these configurations:

• Assigning Pods to Nodes
• Taints and Tolerations

Priority class of the Kiali pod

If you are using priority classes in your cluster, you can specify the priority class that will be set on the Kiali pod. For example:

spec:
  deployment:
    priority_class_name: high-priority

For more information about priority classes, read Pod Priority and Preemption in the Kubernetes documentation.

Adding host aliases to the Kiali pod

If you need to provide some static hostname resolution in the Kiali pod, you can use HostAliases to add entries to the /etc/hosts file of the Kiali pod, like in the following example:

spec:
  deployment:
   host_aliases:
   - ip: 192.168.1.100
     hostnames:
     - "foo.local"
     - "bar.local"

HTTP server

Kiali is served over HTTP. You can configure a few options of the HTTP server. The following are the defaults, but you can change them to suit your needs.

spec:
  server:
    # Listen/bind address of the HTTP server. By default it is empty, which means to
    # listen on all interfaces.
    address: ""

    # Listening port of the HTTP server. If you change it, also Kiali's Kubernetes
    # Service is affected to use this port.
    port: 20001

    # Use GZip compression for responses larger than 1400 bytes. You may want to disable
    # compression if you are exposing Kiali via a reverse proxy that is already
    # doing compression.
    gzip_enabled: true

    # For development purposes only. Controls if "Cross-Origin Resourse Sharing" is
    # enabled. 
    cors_allow_all: false

There is one additional spec.server.web_root option that affects the HTTP server, but that one is described in the Specifying route settings section of the Instalation guide.

Metrics server

Kiali emits metrics that can be collected by Prometheus. Most of these metrics are performance measurements.

The metrics server is enabled by default and listens on port 9090:

spec:
  server:
    metrics_enabled: true
    metrics_port: 9090

The bind address is the same as the HTTP server. Thus, make sure that the HTTP Server and the metrics server are not configured to the same port.

2 - Configuration

The pages in this Configuration section describe most available options for managing and customizing your Kiali installation.

Unless noted, it is assumed that you are using the Kiali operator and that you are managing the Kiali installation through a Kiali CR. The provided YAML snippets for configuring Kiali should be placed in your Kiali CR. For example, the provided configuration snippet for setting up the Anonymous authentication strategy is the following:

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: anonymous

You will need to take this YAML snippet and apply it to your Kiali CR. As an example, an almost minimal Kiali CR using the previous configuration snippet would be the following:

apiVersion: kiali.io/v1alpha1
kind: Kiali
metadata:
  namespace: kiali-namespace
  name: kiali
spec:
  istio_namespace: istio-system
  deployment:
    namespace: kiali-namespace
  auth:
    strategy: anonymous

Then, you can save the finished YAML file and apply it with kubectl apply -f.

It is recommended that you read The Kiali CR and the Example Install pages of the Installation Guide for more information about using the Kiali CR.

Also, for reference, see Kiali CR Reference which documents all available options.

2.1 - Authentication Strategies

Kiali supports five authentication mechanisms:

• The default authentication strategy for OpenShift clusters is openshift.
• The default authentication strategy for all other Kubernetes clusters is token.

All mechanisms other than anonymous support Role-based access control.

Read the dedicated page of each authentication strategy to learn more.

2.1.1 - Anonymous strategy

Introduction

The anonymous strategy removes any authentication requirement. Users will have access to Kiali without providing any credentials.

Although the anonymous strategy doesn’t provide any access protection, it’s valid for some use-cases. Some examples known from the community:

• Exposing Kiali through a reverse proxy, where the reverse proxy is providing a custom authentication mechanism.
• Exposing Kiali on an already limited network of trusted users.
• When Kiali is accessed through kubectl port-forward or alike commands that allow usage of the cluster’s RBAC capabilities to limit access.
• When developing Kiali, where a developer has a private instance on his own machine.

Set-up

To use the anonymous strategy, use the following configuration in the Kiali CR:

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: anonymous

The anonymous strategy doesn’t have any additional configuration.

Access control

When using the anonymous strategy, the content displayed in Kiali is based on the permissions of the Kiali service account. By default, the Kiali service account has cluster wide access and will be able to display everything in the cluster.

OpenShift

If you are running Kiali in OpenShift, access can be customized by changing privileges to the Kiali ServiceAccount. For example, to reduce permissions to individual namespaces, first, remove the cluster-wide permissions granted by default:

  oc delete clusterrolebindings kiali

Then grant the kiali role only in needed namespaces. For example:

  oc adm policy add-role-to-user kiali system:serviceaccount:istio-system:kiali-service-account -n ${NAMESPACE}

View only

You can tell the Kiali Operator to install Kiali in “view only” mode (this does work for either OpenShift or Kubernetes). You do this by setting the view_only_mode to true in the Kiali CR, which allows Kiali to read service mesh resources found in the cluster, but it does not allow any change:

spec:
  deployment:
    view_only_mode: true

2.1.2 - Header strategy

Introduction

The header strategy assumes a reverse proxy is in front of Kiali, such as OpenUnison or OAuth2 Proxy, injecting the user’s identity into each request to Kiali as an Authorization header. This token can be an OpenID Connect token or any other token the cluster recognizes. All requests to Kubernetes will be made with this token, allowing Kiali to use the user’s own RBAC context.

In addition to a user token, the header strategy supports impersonation headers. If the impersonation headers are present in the request, then Kiali will act on behalf of the user specified by the impersonation (assuming the token supplied in the Authorization header is authorized to do so).

The header strategy takes advantage of the cluster’s RBAC. See the Role-based access control documentation for more details.

Set-up

The header strategy will work with any Kubernetes cluster. The token provided must be supported by that cluster. For instance, most “on-prem” clusters support OpenID Connect, but cloud hosted clusters do not. For clusters that don’t support a token, the impersonation headers can be injected by the reverse proxy.

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: header

The header strategy doesn’t have any additional configuration.

HTTP Header

The header strategy looks for a token in the Authorization HTTP header with the Bearer prefix. The HTTP header should look like:

Authorization: Bearer TOKEN

Where TOKEN is the appropriate token for your cluster. This TOKEN will be submitted to the API server via a TokenReview to validate the token ONLY on the first access to Kiali. On subsequent calls the TOKEN is passed through directly to the API server.

Security Considerations

Network Policies

A policy should be put in place to make sure that the only “client” for Kiali is the authenticating reverse proxy. This helps limit potential abuse and ensures that the authenticating reverse proxy is the source of truth for who accessed Kiali.

Short Lived Tokens

The authenticating reverse proxy should inject a short lived token in the Authorization header. A shorter lived token is less likely to be abused if leaked. Kiali will take whatever token is passed into the reqeuest, so as tokens are regenerated Kiali will use the new token.

Impersonation

TokenRequest API

The authenticating reverse proxy should use the TokenRequest API instead of static ServiceAccount tokens when possible while using impersonation. The ServiceAccount that can impersonate users and groups is privileged and having it be short lived cuts down on the possibility of a token being leaked while it’s being passed between different parts of the infrastructure.

Drop Incoming Impersonation Headers

The authenticating proxy MUST drop any headers it receives from a remote client that match the impersonation headers. Not only do you want to make sure that the authenticating proxy can’t be overriden on which user to authenticate, but also what groups they’re a member of.

2.1.3 - OpenID Connect strategy

Introduction

The openid authentication strategy lets you integrate Kiali to an external identity provider that implements OpenID Connect, and allows users to login to Kiali using their existing accounts of a third-party system.

If your Kubernetes cluster is also integrated with your OpenId provider, then Kiali’s openid strategy can offer role-based access control (RBAC) through the Kubernetes authorization mechanisms. See the RBAC documentation for more details.

Currently, Kiali supports the authorization code flow (preferred) and the implicit flow of the OpenId Connect spec.

Requirements

If you want to enable usage of the OpenId’s authorization code flow, make sure that the Kiali’s signing key is 16, 24 or 32 byte long. If you setup a signing key of a different size, Kiali will only be capable of using the implicit flow. If you install Kiali via the operator and don’t set a custom signing key, the operator should create a 16 byte long signing key.

If you don’t need RBAC support, the only requirement is to have a working OpenId Server where Kiali can be configured as a client application.

If you do need RBAC support, you need either:

• A Kubernetes cluster configured with OpenID connect integration, which results in the API server accepting tokens issued by your identity provider.
• A replacement or reverse proxy for the Kubernetes cluster API capable of handling the OIDC authentication.

The first option is preferred if you can manipulate your cluster API server startup flags, which will result in your cluster to also be integrated with the external OpenID provider.

The second option is provided for cases where you are using a managed Kubernetes and your cloud provider does not support configuring OpenID integration. Kiali assumes an implementation of a Kubernetes API server. For example, a community user has reported to successfully configure Kiali’s OpenID strategy by using kube-oidc-proxy which is a reverse proxy that handles the OpenID authentication and forwards the authenticated requests to the Kubernetes API.

Set-up with RBAC support

Assuming you already have a working Kubernetes cluster with OpenId integration (or a working alternative like kube-oidc-proxy), you should already had configured an application or a client in your OpenId server (some cloud providers configure this app/client automatically for you). You must re-use this existing application/client by adding the root path of your Kiali instance as an allowed/authorized callback URL. If the OpenID server provided you a client secret for the application/client, or if you had manually set a client secret, issue the following command to create a Kubernetes secret holding the OpenId client secret:

kubectl create secret generic kiali --from-literal="oidc-secret=$CLIENT_SECRET" -n $NAMESPACE

where $NAMESPACE is the namespace where you installed Kiali and $CLIENT_SECRET is the secret you configured or provided by your OpenId Server. If Kiali is already running, you may need to restart the Kiali pod so that the secret is mounted in Kiali.

Then, to enable the OpenID Connect strategy, the minimal configuration you need to set in the Kiali CR is like the following:

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: openid
    openid:
      client_id: "kiali-client"
      issuer_uri: "https://openid.issuer.com"

This assumes that your Kubernetes cluster is configured with OpenID Connect integration. In this case, the client-id and issuer_uri attributes must match the --oidc-client-id and --oidc-issuer-url flags used to start the cluster API server. If these values don’t match, users will fail to login to Kiali.

If you are using a replacement or a reverse proxy for the Kubernetes API server, the minimal configuration is like the following:

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: openid
    openid:
      api_proxy: "https://proxy.domain.com:port"
      api_proxy_ca_data: "..."
      client_id: "kiali-client"
      issuer_uri: "https://openid.issuer.com"

The value of client-id and issuer_uri must match the values of the configuration of your reverse proxy or cluster API replacement. The api_proxy attribute is the URI of the reverse proxy or cluster API replacement (only HTTPS is allowed). The api_proxy_ca_data is the public certificate authority file encoded in a base64 string, to trust the secure connection.

Set-up with no RBAC support

Register Kiali as a client application in your OpenId Server. Use the root path of your Kiali instance as the callback URL. If the OpenId Server provides you a client secret, or if you manually set a client secret, issue the following command to create a Kubernetes secret holding the OpenId client secret:

kubectl create secret generic kiali --from-literal="oidc-secret=$CLIENT_SECRET" -n $NAMESPACE

where $NAMESPACE is the namespace where you installed Kiali and $CLIENT_SECRET is the secret you configured or provided by your OpenId Server. If Kiali is already running, you may need to restart the Kiali pod so that the secret is mounted in Kiali.

Then, to enable the OpenID Connect strategy, the minimal configuration you need to set in the Kiali CR is like the following:

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: openid
    openid:
      client_id: "kiali-client"
      disable_rbac: true
      issuer_uri: "https://openid.issuer.com"

Additional configurations

Configuring the displayed user name

The Kiali front-end will, by default, retrieve the string of the sub claim of the OpenID token and display it as the user name. You can customize which field to display as the user name by setting the username_claim attribute of the Kiali CR. For example:

spec:
  auth:
    openid:
      username_claim: "email"

If you enabled RBAC, you will want the username_claim attribute to match the --oidc-username-claim flag used to start the Kubernetes API server, or the equivalent option if you are using a replacement or reverse proxy of the API server. Else, any user-friendly claim will be OK as it is purely informational.

Configuring requested scopes

By default, Kiali will request access to the openid, profile and email standard scopes. If you need a different set of scopes, you can set the scopes attribute in the Kiali CR. For example:

spec:
  auth:
    openid:
      scopes:
      - "openid"
      - "email"
      - "groups"

The openid scope is forced. If you don’t add it to the list of scopes to request, Kiali will still request it from the identity provider.

Configuring authentication timeout

When the user is redirected to the external authentication system, by default Kiali will wait at most 5 minutes for the user to authenticate. After that time has elapsed, Kiali will reject authentication. You can adjust this timeout by setting the authentication_timeout with the number of seconds that Kiali should wait at most. For example:

spec:
  auth:
    openid:
      authentication_timeout: 60 # Wait only one minute.

Configuring allowed domains

Some identity providers use a shared login and regardless of configuring your own application under your domain (or organization account), login can succeed even if the user that is logging in does not belong to your account or organization. Google is an example of this kind of provider.

To prevent foreign users from logging into your Kiali instance, you can configure a list of allowed domains:

spec:
  auth:
    openid:
      allowed_domains:
      - example.com
      - foo.com

The e-mail reported by the identity provider is used for the validation. Login will be allowed if the domain part of the e-mail is listed as an allowed domain; else, the user will be rejected. Naturally, you will need to configure the email scope to be requested.

There is a special case: some identity providers include a hd claim in the id_token. If this claim is present, this is used instead of extracting the domain from the user e-mail. For example, Google Workspace (aka G Suite) includes this hd claim for hosted domains.

Using an OpenID provider with a self-signed certificate

If your OpenID provider is using a self-signed certificate, you can disable certificate validation by setting the insecure_skip_verify_tls to true in the Kiali CR:

spec:
  auth:
    openid:
      insecure_skip_verify_tls: true

However, if your organization or internal network has an internal trusted certificate authority (CA), and your OpenID server is using a certificate issued by this CA, you can configure Kiali to trust certificates from this CA, rather than disabling verification. For this, create a ConfigMap named kiali-cabundle containing the root CA certificate (the public component) under the openid-server-ca.crt key:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: kiali-cabundle
  namespace: istio-system # This is Kiali's install namespace
data:
  openid-server-ca.crt: <the public component of your CA root certificate encoded in base64>

After restarting the Kiali pod, Kiali will trust this root certificate for all HTTPS requests related to OpenID authentication.

Using an HTTP/HTTPS Proxy

In some network configurations, there is the need to use proxies to connect to the outside world. OpenID requires outside world connections to get metadata and do key validation, so you can configure it by setting the http_proxy and https_proxy keys in the Kiali CR. They use the same format as the HTTP_PROXY and HTTPS_PROXY environment variables.

spec:
  auth:
    openid:
      http_proxy: http://USERNAME:PASSWORD@10.0.1.1:8080/
      https_proxy: https://USERNAME:PASSWORD@10.0.0.1:8080/

Passing additional options to the identity provider

When users click on the Login button on Kiali, a redirection occurs to the authentication page of the external identity provider. Kiali sends a fixed set of parameters to the identity provider to enable authentication. If you need to add an additional set of parameters to your identity provider, you can use the additional_request_params setting of the Kiali CR, which accepts key-value pairs. For example:

spec:
  auth:
    openid:
      additional_request_params:
        prompt: login

The prompt parameter is a standard OpenID parameter. When the login value is passed in this parameter, the identity provider is instructed to ask for user credentials regardless if the user already has an active session because of a previous login in some other system.

If your OpenId provider supports other non-standard parameters, you can specify the ones you need in this additional_request_params setting.

Take into account that you should not add the client_id, response_type, redirect_uri, scope, nonce nor state parameters to this list. These are already in use by Kiali and some already have a dedicated setting.

Provider-specific instructions

Using with Keycloak

When using OpenId with Keycloak, you will need to enable the Standard Flow Enabled option on the Client (in the Administration Console):

The Standard Flow described on the options is the same as the authorization code flow from the rest of the documentation.

If you get an error like Client is not allowed to initiate browser login with given response_type. Implicit flow is disabled for the client., it means that your signing key for Kiali is not a standard size (16, 24 or 32 bytes long).

Enabling the Implicit Flow Enabled option of the client will make the problem go away, but be aware that the implicit flow is less secure, and not recommended.

Using with Google Cloud Platform / GKE OAuth2

If you are using Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and its products such as Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE), it should be straightforward to configure Kiali’s OpenID strategy to authenticate using your Google credentials.

First, you’ll need to go to your GCP Project and to the Credentials screen which is available at (Menu Icon) > APIs & Services > Credentials.

On the Credentials screen you can select to create a new OAuth client ID.

On the Create OAuth client ID screen, set the Application type to Web Application and enter a name for your key.

Then enter in the Authorized Javascript origins and Authorized redirect URIs for your project. You can enter in localhost as appropriate during testing. You can also enter multiple URIs as appropriate.

After clicking Create you’ll be shown your newly minted client id and secret. These are important and needed for your Kiali CR yaml and Kiali secrets files.

You’ll need to update your Kiali CR file to include the following auth block.

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: "openid"
    openid:
      client_id: "<your client id from GCP>"
      disable_rbac: true
      issuer_uri: "https://accounts.google.com"
      scopes: ["openid", "email"]
      username_claim: "email"

Finally you will need to create a secret, if you don’t have one already, that sets the oidc-secret for the openid flow.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: kiali
  namespace: istio-system
  labels:
    app: kiali
type: Opaque
data:
  oidc-secret: "<base64 encode your client secret from GCP and enter here>"

Once all these settings are complete just set your Kiali CR and the Kiali secret to your cluster. You may need to refresh your Kiali Pod to set the Secret if you add the Secret after the Kiali pod is created.

Using with Azure: AKS and AAD

AKS has support for a feature named AKS-managed Azure Active Directory, which enables integration between AKS and AAD. This has the advantage that users can use their AAD credentials to access AKS clusters and can also use Kubernetes RBAC features to assign privileges to AAD users.

However, Azure is implementing this integration via the Kubernetes Webhook Token Authentication rather than via the Kubernetes OpenID Connect Tokens authentication (see the Azure AD integration section in AKS Concepts documentation). Because of this difference, authentication in AKS behaves slightly different from a standard OpenID setup, but Kiali’s OpenID authentication strategy can still be used with full RBAC support by following the next steps.

First, enable the AAD integration on your AKS cluster. See the official AKS documentation to learn how. Once it is enabled, your AKS panel should show the following:

Create a web application for Kiali in your Azure AD panel:

1. Go to AAD > App Registration, create an application with a redirect url like \https://<your-kiali-url>
2. Go to Certificates & secrets and create a client secret.
   1. After creating the client secret, take note of the provided secret. Create a Kubernetes secret in your cluster as mentioned in the Set-up with RBAC support section. Please, note that the suggested name for the Kubernetes Secret is kiali. If you want to customize the secret name, you will have to specify your custom name in the Kiali CR. See: secret_name in Kial CR Reference.
3. Go to API Permissions and press the Add a permission button. In the new page that appears, switch to the APIs my organization uses tab.
4. Type the following ID in the search field: 6dae42f8-4368-4678-94ff-3960e28e3630 (this is a shared ID for all Azure clusters). And select the resulting entry.
5. Select the Delegated permissions square.
6. Select the user.read permission.
7. Go to Authentication and make sure that the Access tokens checkbox is ticked.

Then, create or modify your Kiali CR and include the following settings:

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: "openid"
    openid:
      client_id: "<your Kiali application client id from Azure>"
      issuer_uri: "https://sts.windows.net/<your AAD tenant id>/"
      username_claim: preferred_username
      api_token: access_token
      additional_request_params:
        resource: "6dae42f8-4368-4678-94ff-3960e28e3630"

You can find your client_id and tenant_id in the Overview page of the Kiali App registration that you just created. See this documentation for more information.

2.1.4 - OpenShift strategy

Introduction

The openshift authentication strategy is the preferred and default strategy when Kiali is deployed on an OpenShift cluster.

When using the openshift strategy, a user logging into Kiali will be redirected to the login page of the OpenShift console. Once the user provides his OpenShift credentials, he will be redireted back to Kiali and will be logged in if the user has enough privileges.

The openshift strategy takes advantage of the cluster’s RBAC. See the Role-based access control documentation for more details.

Set-up

Since openshift is the default strategy when deploying Kiali in OpenShift, you shouldn’t need to configure anything. If you want to be verbose, use the following configuration in the Kiali CR:

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: openshift

The openshift strategy doesn’t have any additional configuration. The Kiali operator will make sure to setup the needed OpenShift OAuth resources to register Kiali as a client.

2.1.5 - Token strategy

Introduction

The token authentication strategy allows a user to login to Kiali using the token of a Kubernetes ServiceAccount. This is similar to the login view of Kubernetes Dashboard.

The token strategy takes advantage of the cluster’s RBAC. See the Role-based access control documentation for more details.

Set-up

Since token is the default strategy when deploying Kiali in Kubernetes, you shouldn’t need to configure anything, unless your cluster is OpenShift. If you want to be verbose or if you need to enable the token strategy in OpenShift, use the following configuration in the Kiali CR:

spec:
  auth:
    strategy: token

The token strategy doesn’t have any additional configuration other than the session expiration time.

2.1.6 - Session options

There are two settings that are available for the user’s session. The first one is the session expiration time, which is only applicable to token and header authentication strategies:

spec:
  login_token:
    # By default, users session expires in 24 hours.
    expiration_seconds: 86400

The session expiration time is the amount of time before the user is asked to extend his session by another cycle. It does not matter if the user is actively using Kiali, the user will be asked if the session should be extended.

The second available option is the signing key configuration, which is unset by default, meaning that a random 16-character signing key will be generated and stored to a secret named kiali-signing-key, in Kiali’s installation namespace:

spec:
  login_token:
    # By default, create a random signing key and store it in
    # a secret named "kiali-signing-key".
    signing_key: ""

If the secret already exists (which may mean a previous Kiali installation was present), then the secret is reused.

The signing key is used on security sensitive data. For example, one of the usages is to sign HTTP cookies related to the user session to prevent session forgery.

If you need to set a custom fixed key, you can pre-create or modify the kiali-signing-key secret:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  namespace: "kiali-installation-namespace"
  name: kiali-signing-key
type: Opaque
data:
  key: "<your signing key encoded in base64>"

If you prefer a different secret name for the signing key and/or a different key-value pair of the secret, you can specify your preferred names in the Kiali CR:

spec:
  login_token:
    signing_key: "secret:<secretName>:<secretDataKey>"

2.2 - Console Customization

Custom metric aggregations

The inbound and outbound metric pages, in the Metrics settings drop-down, provides an opinionated set of groupings that work both for filtering out metric data that does not match the selection and for aggregating data into series. Each option is backed by a label on the collected Istio telemetry.

It is possible to add custom aggregations, like in the following example:

spec:
  kiali_feature_flags:
    ui_defaults:
      metrics_inbound:
        aggregations:
        - display_name: Istio Network
          label: topology_istio_io_network
        - display_name: Istio Revision
          label: istio_io_rev
      metrics_outbound:
        aggregations:
        - display_name: Istio Revision
          label: istio_io_rev

Notice that custom aggregations for inbound and outbound metrics are defined separately.

You can find some screenshots in Kiali v1.40 feature update blog post.

Default metrics duration and refresh interval

Most Kiali pages show metrics per refresh and refresh interval drop-downs. These are located at the top-right of the page.

Metrics per refresh specifies the time range back from the current instant to fetch metrics and/or distributed tracing data. By default, a 1-minute time range is selected.

Refresh interval specifies how often Kiali will automatically refresh the data shown. By default, Kiali refreshes data every 15 seconds.

spec:
  kiali_feature_flags:
    ui_defaults:
      # Valid values: 1m, 5m, 10m, 30m, 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 1d, 7d, 30d
      metrics_per_refresh: "1m"

      # Valid values: pause, 10s, 15s, 30s, 1m, 5m, 15m
      refresh_interval: "15s"

User selections won’t persist a reload.

Default namespace selection

By default, when Kiali is accessed by the first time, on most Kiali pages users will need to use the namespace drop-down to choose namespaces they want to view data from. The selection will be persisted on reloads.

However, it is possible to configure a predefined selection of namespaces, like in the following example:

spec:
  kiali_feature_flags:
    ui_defaults:
      namespaces:
      - istio-system
      - bookinfo

Namespace selection will reset to the predefined set on reloads. Also, if for some reason a namespace becomes deleted, Kiali will simply ignore it from the list.

Graph find and hide presets

In the toolbar of the topology graph, the Find and Hide textboxes can be configured with presets for your most used criteria. You can find screenshots and a brief description of this feature in the feature update blog post for versions 1.31 to 1.33.

The following are the default presets:

spec:
  kiali_feature_flags:
    ui_defaults:
      graph:
        find_options:
        - description: "Find: slow edges (> 1s)"
          expression: "rt > 1000"
        - description: "Find: unhealthy nodes"
          expression:  "! healthy"
        - description: "Find: unknown nodes"
          expression:  "name = unknown"
        hide_options:
        - description: "Hide: healthy nodes"
          expression: "healthy"
        - description: "Hide: unknown nodes"
          expression:  "name = unknown"

Hopefully, the attributes to configure this feature are self-explanatory.

Note that by providing your own presets, you will be overriding the default configuration. Make sure to include any default presets that you need in case you provide your own configuration.

Graph default traffic rates

Traffic rates in the graph are fetched from Istio telemetry and there are several metric sources that can be used.

In the graph page, you can select the traffic rate metrics using the Traffic drop-down (next to the Namespaces drop-down). By default, Requests is selected for GRPC and HTTP protocols, and Sent bytes is selected for the TCP protocol, but you can change the default selection:

spec:
  kiali_feature_flags:
    ui_defaults:
      graph:
        traffic:
          grpc: "requests" # Valid values: none, requests, sent, received and total
          http: "requests" # Valid values: none and requests
          tcp:  "sent"     # Valid values: none, sent, received and total

Note that only requests provide response codes and will allow health to be calculated. Also, the resulting topology graph may be different for each source.

2.3 - Custom Dashboards

Custom Dashboards require some configuration to work properly.

Declaring a custom dashboard

When installing Kiali, you define your own custom dashboards in the Kiali CR spec.custom_dashboards field. Here’s an example of what it looks like:

custom_dashboards:
- name: vertx-custom
  title: Vert.x Metrics
  runtime: Vert.x
  discoverOn: "vertx_http_server_connections"
  items:
  - chart:
      name: "Server response time"
      unit: "seconds"
      spans: 6
      metrics:
      - metricName: "vertx_http_server_responseTime_seconds"
        displayName: "Server response time"
      dataType: "histogram"
      aggregations:
      - label: "path"
        displayName: "Path"
      - label: "method"
        displayName: "Method"
  - chart:
      name: "Server active connections"
      unit: ""
      spans: 6
      metricName: "vertx_http_server_connections"
      dataType: "raw"
  - include: "micrometer-1.1-jvm"
  externalLinks:
  - name: "My custom Grafana dashboard"
    type: "grafana"
    variables:
      app: var-app
      namespace: var-namespace
      version: var-version

The name field corresponds to what you can set in the pod annotation kiali.io/dashboards.

The rest of the field definitions are:

• runtime: optional, name of the related runtime. It will be displayed on the corresponding Workload Details page. If omitted no name is displayed.
• title: dashboard title, displayed as a tab in Application or Workloads Details
• discoverOn: metric name to match for auto-discovery. If omitted, the dashboard won’t be discovered automatically, but can still be used via pods annotation.
• items: a list of items, that can be either chart, to define a new chart, or include to reference another dashboard
  • chart: new chart object
    • name: name of the chart
    • chartType: type of the chart, can be one of line (default), area, bar or scatter
    • unit: unit for Y-axis. Free-text field to provide any unit suffix. It can eventually be scaled on display. See specific section below.
    • unitScale: in case the unit needs to be scaled by some factor, set that factor here. For instance, if your data is in milliseconds, set 0.001 as scale and seconds as unit.
    • spans: number of “spans” taken by the chart, from 1 to 12, using bootstrap convention
    • metrics: a list of metrics to display on this single chart:
      • metricName: the metric name in Prometheus
      • displayName: name to display on chart
    • dataType: type of data to be displayed in the chart. Can be one of raw, rate or histogram. Raw data will be queried without transformation. Rate data will be queried using promQL rate() function. And histogram with histogram_quantile() function.
    • min and max: domain for Y-values. When unset, charts implementations should usually automatically adapt the domain with the displayed data.
    • xAxis: type of the X-axis, can be one of time (default) or series. When set to series, only one datapoint per series will be displayed, and the chart type then defaults to bar.
    • aggregator: defines how the time-series are aggregated when several are returned for a given metric and label set. For example, if a Deployment creates a ReplicaSet of several Pods, you will have at least one time-series per Pod. Since Kiali shows the dashboards at the workload (ReplicaSet) level or at the application level, they will have to be aggregated. This field can be used to fix the aggregator, with values such as sum or avg (full list available in Prometheus documentation). However, if omitted the aggregator will default to sum and can be changed from the dashboard UI.
    • aggregations: list of labels eligible for aggregations / groupings (they will be displayed in Kiali through a dropdown list)
      • label: Prometheus label name
      • displayName: name to display in Kiali
      • singleSelection: boolean flag to switch between single-selection and multi-selection modes on the values of this label. Defaults to false.
    • groupLabels: a list of Prometheus labels to be used for grouping. Similar to aggregations, except this grouping will be always turned on.
    • sortLabel: Prometheus label to be used for the metrics display order.
    • sortLabelParseAs: set to int if sortLabel needs to be parsed and compared as an integer instead of string.
  • include: to include another dashboard, or a specific chart from another dashboard. Typically used to compose with generic dashboards such as the ones about MicroProfile Metrics or Micrometer-based JVM metrics. To reference a full dashboard, set the name of that dashboard. To reference a specific chart of another dashboard, set the name of the dashboard followed by $ and the name of the chart (ex: include: "microprofile-1.1$Thread count").
• externalLinks: a list of related external links (e.g. to Grafana dashboards)
  • name: name of the related dashboard in the external system (e.g. name of a Grafana dashboard)
  • type: link type, currently only grafana is allowed
  • variables: a set of variables that can be injected in the URL. For instance, with something like namespace: var-namespace and app: var-app, an URL to a Grafana dashboard that manages namespace and app variables would look like: http://grafana-server:3000/d/xyz/my-grafana-dashboard?var-namespace=some-namespace&var-app=some-app. The available variables in this context are namespace, app and version.

In Kiali, labels for grouping are aggregated in the top toolbar, so if the same label refers to different things depending on the metric, you wouldn’t be able to distinguish them in the UI. For that reason, ideally, labels should not have too generic names in Prometheus. For instance labels named “id” for both memory spaces and buffer pools would better be named “space_id” and “pool_id”. If you have control on label names, it’s an important aspect to take into consideration. Else, it is up to you to organize dashboards with that in mind, eventually splitting them into smaller ones to resolve clashes.

Dashboard scope

The custom dashboards defined in the Kiali CR are available for all workloads in all namespaces.

Additionally, new custom dashboards can be created for a given namespace or workload, using the dashboards.kiali.io/templates annotation.

This is an example where a “Custom Envoy” dashboard will be available for all applications and workloads for the default namespace:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: default
  annotations:
    dashboards.kiali.io/templates: |
      - name: custom_envoy
        title: Custom Envoy
        discoverOn: "envoy_server_uptime"
        items:
          - chart:
              name: "Pods uptime"
              spans: 12
              metricName: "envoy_server_uptime"
              dataType: "raw"

This other example will create an additional “Active Listeners” dashboard only on details-v1 workload:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: details-v1
  labels:
    app: details
    version: v1
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: details
      version: v1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: details
        version: v1
      annotations:
        dashboards.kiali.io/templates: |
          - name: envoy_listeners
            title: Active Listeners
            discoverOn: "envoy_listener_manager_total_listeners_active"
            items:
              - chart:
                  name: "Total Listeners"
                  spans: 12
                  metricName: "envoy_listener_manager_total_listeners_active"
                  dataType: "raw"
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: bookinfo-details
      containers:
      - name: details
        image: docker.io/istio/examples-bookinfo-details-v1:1.16.2
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9080
        securityContext:
          runAsUser: 1000

Units

Some units are recognized in Kiali and scaled appropriately when displayed on charts:

• unit: "seconds" can be scaled down to ms, µs, etc.
• unit: "bytes-si" and unit: "bitrate-si" can be scaled up to kB, MB (etc.) using SI / metric system. The aliases unit: "bytes" and unit: "bitrate" can be used instead.
• unit: "bytes-iec" and unit: "bitrate-iec" can be scaled up to KiB, MiB (etc.) using IEC standard / IEEE 1541-2002 (scale by powers of 2).

Other units will fall into the default case and be scaled using SI standard. For instance, unit: "m" for meter can be scaled up to km.

Prometheus Configuration

Kiali custom dashboards work exclusively with Prometheus, so it must be configured correctly to pull your application metrics.

If you are using the demo Istio installation with addons, your Prometheus instance should already be correctly configured and you can skip to the next section; with the exception of Istio 1.6.x where you need customize the ConfigMap, or install Istio with the flag --set meshConfig.enablePrometheusMerge=true.

Using another Prometheus instance

You can use a different instance of Prometheus for these metrics, as opposed to Istio metrics. This second Prometheus instance can be configured from the Kiali CR when using the Kiali operator, or ConfigMap otherwise:

# ...
external_services:
  custom_dashboards:
    prometheus:
      url: URL_TO_PROMETHEUS_SERVER_FOR_CUSTOM_DASHBOARDS
    namespace_label: kubernetes_namespace
  prometheus:
    url: URL_TO_PROMETHEUS_SERVER_FOR_ISTIO_METRICS
# ...

For more details on this configuration, such as Prometheus authentication options, check the Kiali CR Reference page.

You must make sure that this Prometheus instance is correctly configured to scrape your application pods and generates labels that Kiali will understand. Please refer to this documentation to setup the kubernetes_sd_config section. As a reference, here is how it is configured in Istio.

It is important to preserve label mapping, so that Kiali can filter by app and version, and to have the same namespace label as defined per Kiali config. Here’s a relabel_configs that allows this:

      relabel_configs:
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]
        action: replace
        target_label: kubernetes_namespace

Pod Annotations and Auto-discovery

Application pods must be annotated for the Prometheus scraper, for example, within a Deployment definition:

spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
        prometheus.io/port: "8080"
        prometheus.io/path: "/metrics"

• prometheus.io/scrape tells Prometheus to fetch these metrics or not
• prometheus.io/port is the port under which metrics are exposed
• prometheus.io/path is the endpoint path where metrics are exposed, default is /metrics

Kiali will try to discover automatically dashboards that are relevant for a given Application or Workload. To do so, it reads their metrics and try to match them with the discoverOn field defined on dashboards.

But if you can’t rely on automatic discovery, you can explicitly annotate the pods to associate them with Kiali dashboards.

spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        # (prometheus annotations...)
        kiali.io/dashboards: vertx-server

kiali.io/dashboards is a comma-separated list of dashboard names that Kiali will look for. Each name in the list must match the name of a built-in dashboard or the name of a custom dashboard as defined in the Kial CR’s spec.custom_dashboards.

2.4 - Istio Environment

Labels and resource names

Istio recommends adding app and version labels to pods to attach this information to telemetry. Kiali relies on correctness of these labels for several features.

In Istio, it is possible to use a different set of labels, like app.kubernetes.io/name and app.kubernetes.io/version, however you must configure Kiali to the labels you are using. By default, Kiali uses Istio’s recommended labels:

spec:
  istio_labels:
    app_label_name: "app"
    version_label_name: "version"

Monitoring port of the IstioD pod

Kiali connects directly to the IstioD pod (not the Service) to check for its health. By default, the connection is done to port 15014 which is the default monitoring port of the IstioD pod.

Under some circumstances, you may need to change the monitoring port of the IstioD pod to something else. For example, when running IstioD in host network mode the network is shared between several pods, requiring to change listening ports of some pods to prevent conflicts.

It is possible to map the newly chosen monitoring port of the IstioD pod in the related Service to let other services continue working normally. However, since Kiali connects directly to the IstioD pod, you need to configure the assigned monitoring port in the Kiali CR:

spec:
  external_services:
    istio:
      istiod_pod_monitoring_port: 15014

Multi-cluster support

Kiali has experimental support for Istio multi-cluster installations using the multi-primary on different networks pattern. This support is enabled by default, but requires the Kiali ServiceAccount to have read access to secrets in the Istio namespace. If you don’t have a multi-cluster setup or don’t want Kiali to have read access to secrets in the Istio namespace, you can disable clustering support:

spec:
  kiali_feature_flags:
    clustering:
      enabled: false

Root namespace

Istio’s root namespace is the namespace where you can create some resources to define default Istio configurations and adapt Istio behavior to your environment. For more information on this Istio configuration, check the Istio docs Global Mesh options page and search for “rootNamespace”.

Kiali uses the root namespace for some of the validations of Istio resources. If you customized the Istio root namespace, you will need to replicate that configuration in Kiali. By default, it is unset:

spec:
  external_services:
    istio:
      root_namespace: ""

Sidecar injection, canary upgrade management and Istio revisions

Kiali can assist into configuring automatic sidecar injection, and also can assist when you are migrating workloads from an old Istio version to a newer one using the canary upgrade method. Kiali uses the standard Istio labels to control sidecar injection policy and canary upgrades.

Management of sidecar injection is enabled by default. If you don’t want this feature, you can disable it with the following configuration:

spec:
  kiali_feature_flags:
    istio_injection_action: false

Assistance for migrating workloads between Istio revisions when doing a canary upgrade is turned off by default. This is because it is required to know what is the revision name that was used when installing each Istio control plane. You can enable and configure the canary upgrade support with the following configuration:

spec:
  external_services:
    istio:
      istio_canary_revision:
        # Revision string of old Istio version
        current: "1-10-3"
        # Revision string of new Istio version
        upgrade: "1-11-0"
  kiali_feature_flags:
    # Turns on canary upgrade support
    istio_upgrade_action: true

It is important to note that canary upgrades require adding a revision name during the installation of control planes. You will notice that the revision name will be appended to the name of Istio resources. Thus, once/if you are using Kiali with an Istio control plane that has a revision name you will need to specify what is the name of a few Istio resources that Kiali uses. For example, if your control plane has a revision name 1-11-0 you would need to set these configurations:

spec:
  external_services:
    istio:
      config_map_name: "istio-1-11-0"
      istio_sidecar_injector_config_map_name: "istio-sidecar-injector-1-11-0"
      istiod_deployment_name: "istiod-1-11-0"

There following are links to sections of Kiali blogs posts that briefly explains these features:

• Sidecar auto-injection control description
• Istio’s canary upgrade assistance description

2.5 - Kiali CR Reference

apiVersion: kiali.io/v1alpha1
kind: Kiali
metadata:
  name: kiali
  annotations:
    ansible.sdk.operatorframework.io/verbosity: "1"
spec:
  additional_display_details:
  - title: "API Documentation"
    annotation: "kiali.io/api-spec"
    icon_annotation: "kiali.io/api-type"

  installation_tag: ""

  istio_namespace: ""

  version: "default"

  api:
    namespaces:
      exclude:
      - "^istio-operator"
      - "^kube-.*"
      - "^openshift.*"
      - "^ibm.*"
      - "^kiali-operator"
      # default: label_selector is undefined
      label_selector: "kiali.io/member-of=istio-system"

  auth:
    strategy: ""
    openid:
      # default: additional_request_params is empty
      additional_request_params:
        openIdReqParam: "openIdReqParamValue"
      # default: allowed_domains is an empty list
      allowed_domains: ["allowed.domain"]
      api_proxy: ""
      api_proxy_ca_data: ""
      api_token: "id_token"
      authentication_timeout: 300
      authorization_endpoint: ""
      client_id: ""
      disable_rbac: false
      http_proxy: ""
      https_proxy: ""
      insecure_skip_verify_tls: false
      issuer_uri: ""
      scopes: ["openid", "profile", "email"]
      username_claim: "sub"
    openshift:
      client_id_prefix: "kiali"

  # default: custom_dashboards is an empty list
  custom_dashboards:
  - name: "envoy"

  deployment:
    accessible_namespaces: ["^((?!(istio-operator|kube-.*|openshift.*|ibm.*|kiali-operator)).)*$"]
    # default: additional_service_yaml is empty
    additional_service_yaml:
      externalName: "kiali.example.com"
    affinity:
      # default: node is empty
      node:
        requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
          nodeSelectorTerms:
          - matchExpressions:
            - key: kubernetes.io/e2e-az-name
              operator: In
              values:
              - e2e-az1
              - e2e-az2
      # default: pod is empty
      pod:
        requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        - labelSelector:
            matchExpressions:
            - key: security
              operator: In
              values:
              - S1
          topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
      # default: pod_anti is empty
      pod_anti:
        preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        - weight: 100
          podAffinityTerm:
            labelSelector:
              matchExpressions:
              - key: security
                operator: In
                values:
                - S2
            topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
    # default: custom_secrets is an empty list
    custom_secrets:
    - name: "a-custom-secret"
      mount: "/a-custom-secret-path"
      optional: true
    hpa:
      api_version: "autoscaling/v2beta2"
      # default: spec is empty
      spec:
        maxReplicas: 2
        minReplicas: 1
        targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80
    # default: host_aliases is an empty list
    host_aliases:
    - ip: "192.168.1.100"
      hostnames:
      - "foo.local"
      - "bar.local"
    image_digest: ""
    image_name: ""
    image_pull_policy: "IfNotPresent"
    # default: image_pull_secrets is an empty list
    image_pull_secrets: ["image.pull.secret"]
    image_version: ""
    ingress:
      # default: additional_labels is empty
      additional_labels:
        ingressAdditionalLabel: "ingressAdditionalLabelValue"
      class_name: "nginx"
      # default: enabled is undefined
      enabled: false
      # default: override_yaml is undefined
      override_yaml:
        metadata:
          annotations:
            nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/secure-backends: "true"
            nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/backend-protocol: "HTTPS"
        spec:
          rules:
          - http:
              paths:
              - path: "/kiali"
                backend:
                  serviceName: "kiali"
                  servicePort: 20001
    instance_name: "kiali"
    logger:
      log_level: "info"
      log_format: "text"
      sampler_rate: "1"
      time_field_format: "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00"
    namespace: "istio-system"
    # default: node_selector is empty
    node_selector:
      nodeSelector: "nodeSelectorValue"
    # default: pod_annotations is empty
    pod_annotations:
      podAnnotation: "podAnnotationValue"
    # default: pod_labels is empty
    pod_labels:
      sidecar.istio.io/inject: "true"
    priority_class_name: ""
    replicas: 1
    # default: resources is undefined
    resources:
      requests:
        cpu: "10m"
        memory: "64Mi"
      limits:
        memory: "1Gi"
    secret_name: "kiali"
    # default: service_annotations is empty
    service_annotations:
      svcAnnotation: "svcAnnotationValue"
    # default: service_type is undefined
    service_type: "NodePort"
    # default: tolerations is an empty list
    tolerations:
    - key: "example-key"
      operator: "Exists"
      effect: "NoSchedule"
    verbose_mode: "3"
    version_label: ""
    view_only_mode: false

  external_services:
    custom_dashboards:
      discovery_auto_threshold: 10
      discovery_enabled: "auto"
      enabled: true
      is_core: false
      namespace_label: "kubernetes_namespace"
      prometheus:
        auth:
          ca_file: ""
          insecure_skip_verify: false
          password: ""
          token: ""
          type: "none"
          use_kiali_token: false
          username: ""
        cache_duration: 10
        cache_enabled: true
        cache_expiration: 300
        # default: custom_headers is empty
        custom_headers:
          customHeader1: "customHeader1Value"
        health_check_url: ""
        is_core: true
        thanos_proxy:
          enabled: false
          retention_period: "7d"
          scrape_interval: "30s"
        url: ""
    grafana:
      auth:
        ca_file: ""
        insecure_skip_verify: false
        password: ""
        token: ""
        type: "none"
        use_kiali_token: false
        username: ""
      dashboards:
      - name: "Istio Service Dashboard"
        variables:
          namespace: "var-namespace"
          service: "var-service"
      - name: "Istio Workload Dashboard"
        variables:
          namespace: "var-namespace"
          workload: "var-workload"
      - name: "Istio Mesh Dashboard"
      - name: "Istio Control Plane Dashboard"
      - name: "Istio Performance Dashboard"
      - name: "Istio Wasm Extension Dashboard"
      enabled: true
      health_check_url: ""
      # default: in_cluster_url is undefined
      in_cluster_url: ""
      is_core: false
      url: ""
    istio:
      component_status:
        components:
        - app_label: "istiod"
          is_core: true
          is_proxy: false
        - app_label: "istio-ingressgateway"
          is_core: true
          is_proxy: true
        - app_label: "istio-egressgateway"
          is_core: false
          is_proxy: true
        enabled: true
      config_map_name: "istio"
      envoy_admin_local_port: 15000
      # default: istio_canary_revision is undefined
      istio_canary_revision:
        current: "1-9-9"
        upgrade: "1-10-2"
      istio_identity_domain: "svc.cluster.local"
      istio_injection_annotation: "sidecar.istio.io/inject"
      istio_sidecar_annotation: "sidecar.istio.io/status"
      istio_sidecar_injector_config_map_name: "istio-sidecar-injector"
      istiod_deployment_name: "istiod"
      istiod_pod_monitoring_port: 15014
      root_namespace: ""
      url_service_version: ""
    prometheus:
      auth:
        ca_file: ""
        insecure_skip_verify: false
        password: ""
        token: ""
        type: "none"
        use_kiali_token: false
        username: ""
      cache_duration: 10
      cache_enabled: true
      cache_expiration: 300
      # default: custom_headers is empty
      custom_headers:
        customHeader1: "customHeader1Value"
      health_check_url: ""
      is_core: true
      thanos_proxy:
        enabled: false
        retention_period: "7d"
        scrape_interval: "30s"
      url: ""
    tracing:
      auth:
        ca_file: ""
        insecure_skip_verify: false
        password: ""
        token: ""
        type: "none"
        use_kiali_token: false
        username: ""
      enabled: true
      in_cluster_url: ""
      is_core: false
      namespace_selector: true
      url: ""
      use_grpc: true
      whitelist_istio_system: ["jaeger-query", "istio-ingressgateway"]

  health_config:
    # default: rate is an empty list
    rate:
    - namespace: ".*"
      kind: ".*"
      name: ".*"
      tolerance:
      - protocol: "http"
        direction: ".*"
        code: "[1234]00"
        degraded: 5
        failure: 10

  identity:
    # default: cert_file is undefined
    cert_file: ""
    # default: private_key_file is undefined
    private_key_file: ""

  istio_labels:
    app_label_name: "app"
    injection_label_name: "istio-injection"
    injection_label_rev:  "istio.io/rev"
    version_label_name: "version"

  kiali_feature_flags:
    certificates_information_indicators:
      enabled: true
      secrets:
      - "cacerts"
      - "istio-ca-secret"
    clustering:
      enabled: true
    istio_injection_action: true
    istio_upgrade_action: false
    ui_defaults:
      graph:
        find_options:
        - description: "Find: slow edges (> 1s)"
          expression: "rt > 1000"
        - description: "Find: unhealthy nodes"
          expression:  "! healthy"
        - description: "Find: unknown nodes"
          expression:  "name = unknown"
        hide_options:
        - description: "Hide: healthy nodes"
          expression: "healthy"
        - description: "Hide: unknown nodes"
          expression:  "name = unknown"
        traffic:
          grpc: "requests"
          http: "requests"
          tcp:  "sent"
      metrics_per_refresh: "1m"
      # default: metrics_inbound is undefined
      metrics_inbound:
        aggregations:
        - display_name: "Istio Network"
          label: "topology_istio_io_network"
        - display_name: "Istio Revision"
          label: "istio_io_rev"
      # default: metrics_outbound is undefined
      metrics_outbound:
        aggregations:
        - display_name: "Istio Network"
          label: "topology_istio_io_network"
        - display_name: "Istio Revision"
          label: "istio_io_rev"
      # default: namespaces is an empty list
      namespaces: ["istio-system"]
      refresh_interval: "15s"
    validations:
      ignore: ["KIA1201"]

  kubernetes_config:
    burst: 200
    cache_duration: 300
    cache_enabled: true
    cache_istio_types:
    - "AuthorizationPolicy"
    - "DestinationRule"
    - "EnvoyFilter"
    - "Gateway"
    - "PeerAuthentication"
    - "RequestAuthentication"
    - "ServiceEntry"
    - "Sidecar"
    - "VirtualService"
    - "WorkloadEntry"
    - "WorkloadGroup"
    cache_namespaces:
    - ".*"
    cache_token_namespace_duration: 10
    excluded_workloads:
    - "CronJob"
    - "DeploymentConfig"
    - "Job"
    - "ReplicationController"
    qps: 175

  login_token:
    expiration_seconds: 86400
    signing_key: ""

  server:
    address: ""
    audit_log: true
    cors_allow_all: false
    gzip_enabled: true
    observability:
      metrics:
        enabled: true
        port: 9090
      tracing:
        collector_url: "http://jaeger-collector.istio-system:14268/api/traces"
        enabled: false
    port: 20001
    web_fqdn: ""
    web_history_mode: ""
    web_port: ""
    web_root: ""
    web_schema: ""

bash <(curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kiali/kiali-operator/master/crd-docs/bin/validate-kiali-cr.sh) \
  -crd https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kiali/kiali-operator/master/crd-docs/crd/kiali.io_kialis.yaml \
  --kiali-cr-name kiali \
  -n istio-system

annotations:
  kiali.io/api-spec: http://list/to/my/api/doc
  kiali.io/api-type: rest

- name: myapp
  title: My App Metrics
  items:
  - chart:
      name: "Thread Count"
      spans: 4
      metricName: "thread-count"
      dataType: "raw"

- name: envoy

custom_secrets:
- name: mysecret
  mount: /mysecret-path
- name: my-other-secret
  mount: /my-other-secret-location
  optional: true

host_aliases:
- ip: 192.168.1.100
  hostnames:
  - "foo.local"
  - "bar.local"

hpa:
  api_version: "autoscaling/v2beta2"
  spec:
    maxReplicas: 2
    minReplicas: 1
    targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80

override_yaml:
  metadata:
    annotations:
      nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/secure-backends: "true"
      nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/backend-protocol: "HTTPS"
  spec:
    rules:
    - http:
        paths:
        - path: /kiali
          backend:
            serviceName: kiali
            servicePort: 20001

sidecar.istio.io/inject: "true"

requests:
  cpu: "10m"
  memory: "64Mi"
limits:
  memory: "1Gi"